The Use of Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA) as an Analysis of Academic Stress Factors in College Students
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Nov 18, 2024
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Abstract
Academic stress is a condition that occurs when a person faces excessive and unachievable demands in an educational environment. This study aims to analyze the factors of academic stress in college students. The research method used is a quantitative method with a research sample of 206 active students in Indonesia. The sampling technique used was incidental sampling. Data were collected through an online questionnaire using a five-point Likert scale. Data analysis was conducted using exploratory factor analysis (EFA) with principal component factor reduction method and varimax rotation. The results obtained five factors that form academic stress in students, including relationship factors with others, fatigue factors, self-adjustment factors, conflict factors and economic factors.
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How to Cite
Fitriani, A., Susanti, R., Ersya, M., Ibadullah Poeni, M., Afifah, S., & Nudhar, A. (2024). The Use of Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA) as an Analysis of Academic Stress Factors in College Students. PAKAR Pendidikan, 22(2), 198-212. https://doi.org/10.24036/pakar.v22i2.600
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Al-Marwaziyyah, K., & Chori, D. I. M. (2022). Burnout akademik selama pandemi Covid-19. Psychological Journal: Science and Practice, 1(2), 37–42. https://doi.org/10.22219/pjsp.v1i2.19021
Azizah, J. N., & Satwika, Y. W. (2021). Hubungan Antara Hardiness dengan Stres Akademik Pada Mahasiswa Yang Mengerjakan Skripsi Selama Pandemi Covid 19. Character: Jurnal Penelitian Psikologi, 8(1), 212–223.
Azmiyyah, H., & Lianawati, A. (2021). Profile of self-adjustment and level of academic stress during online learning in higher education. Journal of Professionals in Guidance and Counseling, 2(2), 81–87. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.21831/ProGCouns
Barseli, M., Ifdil, I., & Fitria, L. (2020). Stress akademik akibat Covid-19. JPGI (Jurnal Penelitian Guru Indonesia), 5(2), 95–99. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.29210/02733jpgi0005
Bedewy, D., & Gabriel, A. (2015). Examining perceptions of academic stress and its sources among university students : The Perception of Academic Stress Scale. Health Psychology Open, 2(2). https://doi.org/10.1177/2055102915596714
Busari, A. O. (2014). Academic Stress among Undergraduate Students : Measuring the Effects of Stress Inoculation Techniques. Mediterranean Journal of Social Sciences MCSER Publishing, Rome-Italy, 5(27), 599–609. https://doi.org/10.5901/mjss.2014.v5n27p599
Chandra, Y. (2021). Online education during COVID-19 : perception of academic stress and emotional intelligence coping strategies among college students. Asian Education and Development Studies, 10(2), 229–238. https://doi.org/10.1108/AEDS-05-2020-0097
Courtney, M. G. R. (2013). Determining the number of factors to retain in EFA: Using the SPSS R-Menu v2.0 to make more judicious estimations. Practical Assessment, Research and Evaluation, 18(8), 1–14.
Credé, M., & Niehorster, S. (2012). Adjustment to College as Measured by the Student Adaptation to College Questionnaire : A Quantitative Review of its Structure and Relationships with Correlates and Consequences. Educational Psychology Review, 24(1), 133–165. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10648-011-9184-5
Dalyop, Y. (2022). Psychological Stress, Academic Adjustment and Emotional Adjustment among Undergraduate Students of Nasarawa State University, Keffi, Nigeria. Prestige Journal of Counselling Psychology, 5(1), 188–196.
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Frazier, P., Gabriel, A., Merians, A., Lust, K., Frazier, P., Gabriel, A., Merians, A., & Lust, K. (2018). Understanding stress as an impediment to academic performance. Journal of American College Health, 0(0), 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1080/07448481.2018.1499649
Galambos, N. L., Lascano, D. I. V., Andrea, L., & Maggs, J. L. (2014). Who Sleeps Best ? Longitudinal Patterns and Covariates of Change in Sleep Quantity , Quality , and Timing Across Four University Years. Behavioral Sleep Medicine, November 2014, 37–41. https://doi.org/10.1080/15402002.2011.596234
Goretzko, D. (2023). Regularized Exploratory Factor Analysis as an Alternative to Factor Rotation. European Journal of Psychological Assessment, 0. https://doi.org/10.1027/1015-5759/a000792
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Harahap, A. C. P., Harahap, D. P., & Harahap, S. R. (2020). Analisis Tingkat Stres Akademik Pada Mahasiswa Selama Pembelajaran Jarak Jauh Dimasa Covid-19. Biblio Couns : Jurnal Kajian Konseling Dan Pendidikan, 3(1), 10–14. https://doi.org/10.30596/bibliocouns.v3i1.4804
Heckman, S., Lim, H., & Montalto, C. (2014). Factors Related to Financial Stress among College Students. Journal of Financial Therapy, 5(1). https://doi.org/http://dx.doi.org/10.4148/1944-9771.1063
Kurniawan, D. E., & Setiowati, A. (2022). Pengaruh Metode Pembelajaran Online Terhadap Stres Akademik Mahasiswa. Jurnal Konseling Gusjigang, 8(1), 22–28. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.24176/jkg.v8i1.8019 ISSN
Lanario, J. W., Hyland, M. E., Menzies-Gow, A., Mansur, A. H., Dodd, J. W., Fowler, S. J., Jones, R. C., & Masoli, M. (2020). Validation of subscales of the Severe Asthma Questionnaire (SAQ) using exploratory factor analysis (EFA). Health and Quality of Life Outcomes, 18(1), 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12955-020-01593-9
Luo, L., Arizmendi, C., & Gates, K. M. (2019). Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA) Programs in R. Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal, 26(5), 819–826. https://doi.org/10.1080/10705511.2019.1615835
Mardiani, I. N., Manajemen, P., Bangsa, U. P., Khamdanah, N., Manajemen, P., & Bangsa, U. P. (2022). Pengaruh Stres Kerja dan Beban Kerja terhadap Kinerja Karyawan. Eqien-Journal of Economic and Businnes, 11(3), 741–749. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.34308/eqien.v11i03.1109
Maulina, B., & Sari, D. R. (2018). Derajat Stres Mahasiswa Baru Fakultas Kedokteran Ditinjau Dari Tingkat Penyesuaian Diri Terhadap Tuntutan Akademik. Jurnal Psikologi Pendidikan & Konseling: Jurnal Kajian Psikologi Pendidikan Dan Bimbingan Konseling, 4(1), 1–5. https://doi.org/http://dx.doi.org/10.26858/jpkk.v4i1.4753
Misra, R., & Castillo, L. G. (2004). Academic Stress Among College Students : Comparison of American and International Students. International Journal of Stress Management, 11(2), 132–148. https://doi.org/10.1037/1072-5245.11.2.132
Mohd Matore, M. E. E., Khairani, A. Z., & Adnan, R. (2019). Exploratory factor analysis (EFA) for adversity quotient (AQ) instrument among youth. Journal of Critical Reviews, 6(6), 234–242. https://doi.org/10.22159/jcr.06.06.33
Munir, T., Shafiq, S., Ahmad, Z., & Khan, S. (2015). Impact of Loneliness and Academic Stress on Psychological Well Being among College Students. Journal: Academic Research International, 6(March), 343–355.
Nasir, A., & Muhith, A. (2011). Dasar-dasar Keperawatan Jiwa: Pengantar dan Teori (1st ed). Salemba Medika.
Nurhayati, T. (2016). Perkembangan Perilaku Psikososial pada masa Pubertas. Journal of Chemical Information and Modeling, 53(9), 1689–1699.
Oktavia, W. K., Urbayatun, S., & Mujidin. (2019). The Role Of Peer Social Support And Hardiness Personality Toward The Academic Stress On Students. International Journal of Scientific & Technology Research, 8(12), 2903–2907.
Pascoe, M. C., Hetrick, S. E., Parker, A. G., Pascoe, M. C., Hetrick, S. E., The, A. G. P., & Pascoe, M. C. (2020). The impact of stress on students in secondary school and higher education education. International Journal of Adolescence and Youth, 25(1), 104–112. https://doi.org/10.1080/02673843.2019.1596823
Poonam, & Dixit, K. (2019). A Study to Assess the Academic Stress and Coping Strategies Among Adolescent Students: A Descriptive Study. Indian Journal of Applied Research, 9(12), 28–29. https://doi.org/10.36106/ijar
Purnawati, M., & Rahmandani, A. (2018). Hubungan Antara Kelekatan Pada Teman Sebaya dengan Stres Akademi Pada Mahasiswa Perencanaan Wilayah dan Kota Universitas Diponegoro Semarang. Jurnal Empati, 7(April), 28–39.
Pusvitasari, R., Viriyavejakul, C., & Sumettikoon, P. (2023). Do Academic Stress, Academic Burnout, Resilience Influence Student Achievement Motivation? 2023 11th International Conference on Information and Education Technology (ICIET), 391–394. https://doi.org/10.1109/ICIET56899.2023.10111276
Putri, U. N. (2021). Penggunaan Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA) untuk Pengembangan Skala Kecemasan Statistik dalam Pendidikan. Psychocentrum Review, 3(2), 153–163. https://doi.org/10.26539/pcr.32686
Rahmawati, W. K. (2016). Efektivitas Teknik Restrukturisasi Kognitif Untuk Menangani Stres Akademik Siswa. Jurnal Konseling Indonesia, 3(1), 22–30. http://ejournal.unikama.ac.id
Reddy, K. J., Menon, K. R., & Thattil, A. (2018). Academic Stress and its Sources Among University Students Academic Stress and its Sources among University Students. Biomedical & Pharmacology Journal, 11(1), 531–537. https://doi.org/10.13005/bpj/1404
Regehr, C., Glancy, D., & Pitts, A. (2013). Interventions to reduce stress in university students: A review and meta-analysis. Journal of Affective Disorders, 148(1), 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2012.11.026
Rusmianingsih, N., Rahmawati, E., & Wulan, N. (2024). Hubungan tingkat stres dan kualitas tidur dengan konflik pada mahasiswa profesi ners di Sekolah Tinggi Ilmu Kesehatan Kuningan. Journal of Nursing Practice and Education, 4(1), 297–306. https://doi.org/doi.org/10.34305/jnpe.v4i2.1080
Samaha, M., & Hawi, N. S. (2016). Relationships among smartphone addiction, stress, academic performance, and satisfaction with life. Computers in Human Behavior, 57, 321–325. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2015.12.045
Sari, M. N., Elisa, P., & Ningsih, A. (2022). An Analysis of Students’ Motivation and Anxienty on Learning English at SMA Negeri 6 Kerinci. Pendekar : Jurnal Pendidikan Berkarakter, 5(3), 181–188.
Su, Z., McDonnell, D., Shi, F., Liang, B., Li, X., Wen, J., Cai, Y., Xiang, Y. T., & Yang, L. (2021). Chinese International Students in the United States: The Interplay of Students’ Acculturative Stress, Academic Standing, and Quality of Life. Frontiers in Psychology, 12(August), 1–8. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.625863
Sugiyono. (2018). Metode Penelitian Kuantitatif, Kualitatif, dan R&D. Bandung: Alfabeta.
Tibus, E. D., Ledesma, S. K. G., & Info, A. (2021). Factors of academic stress : Do they impact English academic performance ? International Journal of Evaluation and Research in Education (IJERE), 10(4), 1446–1454. https://doi.org/10.11591/ijere.v10i4.21296
Ussher, M. H., Faulkner, G. E. J., Angus, K., Hartmann-Boyce, J., & Taylor, A. H. (2019). Exercise interventions for smoking cessation. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 2019(10). https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD002295.pub6
Yusuf, N. M., & Yusuf, J. M. (2020). Faktor-Faktor Yang Mempengaruhi Stres Akademik. Psyche 165 Journal, 13(2), 235–239. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.35134/jpsy165.v13i2.84
Agustin, I. M., Hidayatullah, F., & Aminoto, C. (2018). Faktor Eksternal Tingkat Stres Mahasiswa Keperawatan dalam Adaptasi Proses Pembelajaran. Proceeding of The 7th University Research Colloquium, 172–181.
Al-Marwaziyyah, K., & Chori, D. I. M. (2022). Burnout akademik selama pandemi Covid-19. Psychological Journal: Science and Practice, 1(2), 37–42. https://doi.org/10.22219/pjsp.v1i2.19021
Azizah, J. N., & Satwika, Y. W. (2021). Hubungan Antara Hardiness dengan Stres Akademik Pada Mahasiswa Yang Mengerjakan Skripsi Selama Pandemi Covid 19. Character: Jurnal Penelitian Psikologi, 8(1), 212–223.
Azmiyyah, H., & Lianawati, A. (2021). Profile of self-adjustment and level of academic stress during online learning in higher education. Journal of Professionals in Guidance and Counseling, 2(2), 81–87. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.21831/ProGCouns
Barseli, M., Ifdil, I., & Fitria, L. (2020). Stress akademik akibat Covid-19. JPGI (Jurnal Penelitian Guru Indonesia), 5(2), 95–99. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.29210/02733jpgi0005
Bedewy, D., & Gabriel, A. (2015). Examining perceptions of academic stress and its sources among university students : The Perception of Academic Stress Scale. Health Psychology Open, 2(2). https://doi.org/10.1177/2055102915596714
Busari, A. O. (2014). Academic Stress among Undergraduate Students : Measuring the Effects of Stress Inoculation Techniques. Mediterranean Journal of Social Sciences MCSER Publishing, Rome-Italy, 5(27), 599–609. https://doi.org/10.5901/mjss.2014.v5n27p599
Chandra, Y. (2021). Online education during COVID-19 : perception of academic stress and emotional intelligence coping strategies among college students. Asian Education and Development Studies, 10(2), 229–238. https://doi.org/10.1108/AEDS-05-2020-0097
Courtney, M. G. R. (2013). Determining the number of factors to retain in EFA: Using the SPSS R-Menu v2.0 to make more judicious estimations. Practical Assessment, Research and Evaluation, 18(8), 1–14.
Credé, M., & Niehorster, S. (2012). Adjustment to College as Measured by the Student Adaptation to College Questionnaire : A Quantitative Review of its Structure and Relationships with Correlates and Consequences. Educational Psychology Review, 24(1), 133–165. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10648-011-9184-5
Dalyop, Y. (2022). Psychological Stress, Academic Adjustment and Emotional Adjustment among Undergraduate Students of Nasarawa State University, Keffi, Nigeria. Prestige Journal of Counselling Psychology, 5(1), 188–196.
Fatimah, S. (2020). Meredam Stres Akademik dengan Pendekatan Kognitif dan Perilaku (1st ed.). Penerbit CV. Pena Persada.
Frazier, P., Gabriel, A., Merians, A., Lust, K., Frazier, P., Gabriel, A., Merians, A., & Lust, K. (2018). Understanding stress as an impediment to academic performance. Journal of American College Health, 0(0), 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1080/07448481.2018.1499649
Galambos, N. L., Lascano, D. I. V., Andrea, L., & Maggs, J. L. (2014). Who Sleeps Best ? Longitudinal Patterns and Covariates of Change in Sleep Quantity , Quality , and Timing Across Four University Years. Behavioral Sleep Medicine, November 2014, 37–41. https://doi.org/10.1080/15402002.2011.596234
Goretzko, D. (2023). Regularized Exploratory Factor Analysis as an Alternative to Factor Rotation. European Journal of Psychological Assessment, 0. https://doi.org/10.1027/1015-5759/a000792
Hamidah, T., Rahayu, A., Hayuputri, F. M., Simarmata, N. I. P., Harmoko, A. R., Kencana, S. C., Wicaksana, S. A., & Syahtiani, Y. (2021). Psikologi Umum (L. Susanto (ed.); Issue Desember).
Hamzah, B., Hamzah, R., Kuliah, B., Akademik, S., & Anxiety, D. (2020). Faktir-faktor yang Berhubungan dengan Tingkat Stres Akademik pada Mahasiswa Graha Medika. Indonesian Journal for Health Sciences, 4(2), 59–67.
Harahap, A. C. P., Harahap, D. P., & Harahap, S. R. (2020). Analisis Tingkat Stres Akademik Pada Mahasiswa Selama Pembelajaran Jarak Jauh Dimasa Covid-19. Biblio Couns : Jurnal Kajian Konseling Dan Pendidikan, 3(1), 10–14. https://doi.org/10.30596/bibliocouns.v3i1.4804
Heckman, S., Lim, H., & Montalto, C. (2014). Factors Related to Financial Stress among College Students. Journal of Financial Therapy, 5(1). https://doi.org/http://dx.doi.org/10.4148/1944-9771.1063
Kurniawan, D. E., & Setiowati, A. (2022). Pengaruh Metode Pembelajaran Online Terhadap Stres Akademik Mahasiswa. Jurnal Konseling Gusjigang, 8(1), 22–28. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.24176/jkg.v8i1.8019 ISSN
Lanario, J. W., Hyland, M. E., Menzies-Gow, A., Mansur, A. H., Dodd, J. W., Fowler, S. J., Jones, R. C., & Masoli, M. (2020). Validation of subscales of the Severe Asthma Questionnaire (SAQ) using exploratory factor analysis (EFA). Health and Quality of Life Outcomes, 18(1), 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12955-020-01593-9
Luo, L., Arizmendi, C., & Gates, K. M. (2019). Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA) Programs in R. Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal, 26(5), 819–826. https://doi.org/10.1080/10705511.2019.1615835
Mardiani, I. N., Manajemen, P., Bangsa, U. P., Khamdanah, N., Manajemen, P., & Bangsa, U. P. (2022). Pengaruh Stres Kerja dan Beban Kerja terhadap Kinerja Karyawan. Eqien-Journal of Economic and Businnes, 11(3), 741–749. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.34308/eqien.v11i03.1109
Maulina, B., & Sari, D. R. (2018). Derajat Stres Mahasiswa Baru Fakultas Kedokteran Ditinjau Dari Tingkat Penyesuaian Diri Terhadap Tuntutan Akademik. Jurnal Psikologi Pendidikan & Konseling: Jurnal Kajian Psikologi Pendidikan Dan Bimbingan Konseling, 4(1), 1–5. https://doi.org/http://dx.doi.org/10.26858/jpkk.v4i1.4753
Misra, R., & Castillo, L. G. (2004). Academic Stress Among College Students : Comparison of American and International Students. International Journal of Stress Management, 11(2), 132–148. https://doi.org/10.1037/1072-5245.11.2.132
Mohd Matore, M. E. E., Khairani, A. Z., & Adnan, R. (2019). Exploratory factor analysis (EFA) for adversity quotient (AQ) instrument among youth. Journal of Critical Reviews, 6(6), 234–242. https://doi.org/10.22159/jcr.06.06.33
Munir, T., Shafiq, S., Ahmad, Z., & Khan, S. (2015). Impact of Loneliness and Academic Stress on Psychological Well Being among College Students. Journal: Academic Research International, 6(March), 343–355.
Nasir, A., & Muhith, A. (2011). Dasar-dasar Keperawatan Jiwa: Pengantar dan Teori (1st ed). Salemba Medika.
Nurhayati, T. (2016). Perkembangan Perilaku Psikososial pada masa Pubertas. Journal of Chemical Information and Modeling, 53(9), 1689–1699.
Oktavia, W. K., Urbayatun, S., & Mujidin. (2019). The Role Of Peer Social Support And Hardiness Personality Toward The Academic Stress On Students. International Journal of Scientific & Technology Research, 8(12), 2903–2907.
Pascoe, M. C., Hetrick, S. E., Parker, A. G., Pascoe, M. C., Hetrick, S. E., The, A. G. P., & Pascoe, M. C. (2020). The impact of stress on students in secondary school and higher education education. International Journal of Adolescence and Youth, 25(1), 104–112. https://doi.org/10.1080/02673843.2019.1596823
Poonam, & Dixit, K. (2019). A Study to Assess the Academic Stress and Coping Strategies Among Adolescent Students: A Descriptive Study. Indian Journal of Applied Research, 9(12), 28–29. https://doi.org/10.36106/ijar
Purnawati, M., & Rahmandani, A. (2018). Hubungan Antara Kelekatan Pada Teman Sebaya dengan Stres Akademi Pada Mahasiswa Perencanaan Wilayah dan Kota Universitas Diponegoro Semarang. Jurnal Empati, 7(April), 28–39.
Pusvitasari, R., Viriyavejakul, C., & Sumettikoon, P. (2023). Do Academic Stress, Academic Burnout, Resilience Influence Student Achievement Motivation? 2023 11th International Conference on Information and Education Technology (ICIET), 391–394. https://doi.org/10.1109/ICIET56899.2023.10111276
Putri, U. N. (2021). Penggunaan Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA) untuk Pengembangan Skala Kecemasan Statistik dalam Pendidikan. Psychocentrum Review, 3(2), 153–163. https://doi.org/10.26539/pcr.32686
Rahmawati, W. K. (2016). Efektivitas Teknik Restrukturisasi Kognitif Untuk Menangani Stres Akademik Siswa. Jurnal Konseling Indonesia, 3(1), 22–30. http://ejournal.unikama.ac.id
Reddy, K. J., Menon, K. R., & Thattil, A. (2018). Academic Stress and its Sources Among University Students Academic Stress and its Sources among University Students. Biomedical & Pharmacology Journal, 11(1), 531–537. https://doi.org/10.13005/bpj/1404
Regehr, C., Glancy, D., & Pitts, A. (2013). Interventions to reduce stress in university students: A review and meta-analysis. Journal of Affective Disorders, 148(1), 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2012.11.026
Rusmianingsih, N., Rahmawati, E., & Wulan, N. (2024). Hubungan tingkat stres dan kualitas tidur dengan konflik pada mahasiswa profesi ners di Sekolah Tinggi Ilmu Kesehatan Kuningan. Journal of Nursing Practice and Education, 4(1), 297–306. https://doi.org/doi.org/10.34305/jnpe.v4i2.1080
Samaha, M., & Hawi, N. S. (2016). Relationships among smartphone addiction, stress, academic performance, and satisfaction with life. Computers in Human Behavior, 57, 321–325. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2015.12.045
Sari, M. N., Elisa, P., & Ningsih, A. (2022). An Analysis of Students’ Motivation and Anxienty on Learning English at SMA Negeri 6 Kerinci. Pendekar : Jurnal Pendidikan Berkarakter, 5(3), 181–188.
Su, Z., McDonnell, D., Shi, F., Liang, B., Li, X., Wen, J., Cai, Y., Xiang, Y. T., & Yang, L. (2021). Chinese International Students in the United States: The Interplay of Students’ Acculturative Stress, Academic Standing, and Quality of Life. Frontiers in Psychology, 12(August), 1–8. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.625863
Sugiyono. (2018). Metode Penelitian Kuantitatif, Kualitatif, dan R&D. Bandung: Alfabeta.
Tibus, E. D., Ledesma, S. K. G., & Info, A. (2021). Factors of academic stress : Do they impact English academic performance ? International Journal of Evaluation and Research in Education (IJERE), 10(4), 1446–1454. https://doi.org/10.11591/ijere.v10i4.21296
Ussher, M. H., Faulkner, G. E. J., Angus, K., Hartmann-Boyce, J., & Taylor, A. H. (2019). Exercise interventions for smoking cessation. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 2019(10). https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD002295.pub6
Yusuf, N. M., & Yusuf, J. M. (2020). Faktor-Faktor Yang Mempengaruhi Stres Akademik. Psyche 165 Journal, 13(2), 235–239. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.35134/jpsy165.v13i2.84