Application of Experiential Learning-Based PBL Model to Improve the Ability of Grade XII Students in Light Vehicle Engineering
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Abstract
This research aims to improve students' ability to dismantle vehicle alarm systems through the implementation of Problem Based Learning (PBL) model based on Experiential Learning in Light Vehicle Engineering class XII. The research method used was Classroom Action Research (CAR) with 3 cycles, each cycle consisting of planning, implementation, observation, and reflection stages. The research subjects were 30 students of class XII Light Vehicle Engineering at SMK Negeri 1 West Sumatra. Data collection was carried out through observation, tests, and documentation. The results showed an increase in students' dismantling ability from cycle I (68.5%), cycle II (75.2%), to cycle III (83.7%). The PBL model based on Experiential Learning effectively improves students' practical skills through direct experience, reflection, conceptualization, and Active Experimentation. This research concludes that the PBL model based on Experiential Learning can be an effective alternative in learning vehicle alarm system dismantling.
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How to Cite
Koto, R., Purwanto, W., Yuniswar, Y., & Wagino, W. (2025). Application of Experiential Learning-Based PBL Model to Improve the Ability of Grade XII Students in Light Vehicle Engineering. PAKAR Pendidikan, 23(2), 503-518. Retrieved from http://pakar.pkm.unp.ac.id/index.php/pakar/article/view/801
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López, H. A., Ponce, P., Molina, A., Ramírez-Montoya, M. S., & Lopez-Caudana, E. (2021). Design Framework Based on TEC21 Educational Model and Education 4.0 Implemented in a Capstone Project: A Case Study of an Electric Vehicle Suspension System. Sustainability, 13(11), Article 11. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13115768
Ly, P., Bani, M., Hariana, V., & Meok, P. (2024). Development of E-Modules for Elementary Students. Pegem Journal of Education and Instruction, 14(3), 300–310.
https://eric.ed.gov/?id=EJ1431844
Maksum, H., Purwanto, W., Siman, S., Ampera, D., Yuvenda, D., & Hasan, H. (2024).
Improving Problem-Solving and Communication Skills in Automotive Vocational
Education through the Development of Teaching Factory Model with Problem-Based
Learning (TEFA-PBL) Concept. International Journal of Education in Mathematics, Science and Technology, 12(2), Article 2. https://doi.org/10.46328/ijemst.394
Meng, K., Xu, G., Peng, X., Youcef-Toumi, K., & Li, J. (2022). Intelligent disassembly of electric-vehicle batteries: A forward-looking overview. Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 182, 106207. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2022.106207
Mindarta, E. (2025). Pengembangan Alat Evaluasi Berbasis Roblox Studio Pada Mata Pelajaran Chassis Otomotif Pada Siswa SMKN di Kota Malang. Jurnal Riset Dan Inovasi Pembelajaran, 5(1), 264–280. https://doi.org/10.51574/jrip.v5i1.3046
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Muslam, M. M. A. (2024). Enhancing Security in Vehicle-to-Vehicle Communication: A
Comprehensive Review of Protocols and Techniques. Vehicles, 6(1), Article 1.
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Nagai, N., & Birch, G. C. (2024). The CEFR-Focused Action Research Model (CARM). Dalam G. C. Birch, N. Nagai, M. G. Schmidt, & J. V. Bower (Ed.), Putting the CEFR into Practice Through Action Research: Reflecting on Principles for Foreign Language Teaching (hlm. 19–37). Springer Nature. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-97-7545-3_2
Onyeanakwe, N., Osse, E., Inwe, N., Ariagbofo, B., & Osa, G. O. I. and E. (2024). Design and Implementation of a NODEMCU ESP8266 Controlled Vehicle Intruder Touch Alarm System. Journal of Energy Technology and Environment, 6(4), Article 4.
https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14530162
Passarelli, A. M., & Kolb, D. A. (2012). Using Experiential Learning Theory to Promote Student Learning and Development in Programs of Education Abroad. Dalam Student Learning Abroad. Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003447184-8
Pranajaya, S. A., Idris, J., Abidin, Z., & Mahdi. (2023). Integration of Cognitive, Affective, and Psychomotor Domain Scoring in Islamic Religious Education. Sinergi International Journal of Education, 1(2), Article 2. https://doi.org/10.61194/education.v1i2.106
Rahimi, N., Schuelke-Leech, B.-A., & Mirhassani, M. (2025). A comprehensive review of security vulnerabilities in heavy-duty vehicles: Comparative insights and current research gaps. Computers & Security, 154, 104452. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cose.2025.104452
Ramírez-Montoya, M. S., Castillo-Martínez, I. M., Sanabria-Z, J., & Miranda, J. (2022). Complex Thinking in the Framework of Education 4.0 and Open Innovation—A Systematic Literature Review. Journal of Open Innovation: Technology, Market, and Complexity, 8(1), Article 1. https://doi.org/10.3390/joitmc8010004
Rifdarmon, R.-, Basri, I. Y., & Maksum, H. (2022). PKM Pelatihan Keterampilan Membangun Wirausaha Bengkel Kendaraan Ringan Di Smkn 1 Kec. Guguak Kabupaten Lima Puluh Kota. Suluah Bendang: Jurnal Ilmiah Pengabdian Kepada Masyarakat, 22(3), 614. https://doi.org/10.24036/sb.03350
Rosenkranz, N. (2022). The Best of Both Worlds: Experiential Problem-Based Learning Approaches in Hospitality Education. Journal of Hospitality & Tourism Education, 34(2), 111–123. https://doi.org/10.1080/10963758.2021.1963739
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Sangwan, K. S., & Singh, R. (2021). An experiential learning-integrated framework to improve problem-solving skills of engineering graduates. Higher Education, Skills and Work-Based Learning, 12(2), 241–255. https://doi.org/10.1108/HESWBL-02-2021-0033
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Thandlam, A. K., Vignesh, T., Saravanan, A., Subramani, P., Marimuthu, R., & Gupta, S. (2024). Next-Gen Vehicle Safety: The Futuristic Approach to Auto-Stop in Modern Vehicles. 2024 10th International Conference on Communication and Signal Processing (ICCSP), 265–270. https://doi.org/10.1109/ICCSP60870.2024.10543666
Wagino, W., Maksum, H., Purwanto, W., Krismadinata, K., Suhendar, S., & Koto, R. D. (2023). Exploring the Full Potential of Collaborative Learning and E-Learning Environments in Universities: A Systematic Review. TEM Journal, 1772–1785.
https://doi.org/10.18421/TEM123-60
Wagino, W., Maksum, H., Purwanto, W., Simatupang, W., Lapisa, R., & Indrawan, E. (2024). Enhancing Learning Outcomes and Student Engagement: Integrating E-Learning Innovations into Problem-Based Higher Education. International Journal of Interactive Mobile Technologies (iJIM), 18(10), 106–124. https://doi.org/10.3991/ijim.v18i10.47649
Wagino, W., Nasution, I., Giatman, M., Koto, R. D., Samala, A. D., Criollo-C, S., & Polin, K. C. (2024). Enhancing Academic Achievement and Critical Thinking through e Learning: Exploring Motivation, Creativity, Participation, and Gadget Utilization in Higher Education. International Journal of Information and Education Technology, 14(12), 1679–1687. https://doi.org/10.18178/ijiet.2024.14.12.2198
Wang, W.-S., Lin ,Chia-Ju, Lee ,Hsin-Yu, Huang ,Yueh-Min, & and Wu, T.-T. (2025).
Integrating feedback mechanisms and ChatGPT for VR-based experiential learning: Impacts on reflective thinking and AIoT physical hands-on tasks. Interactive Learning Environments, 33(2), 1770–1787. https://doi.org/10.1080/10494820.2024.2375644
Al Harrasi, K. T. S. (2024). Enhancing learner self-monitoring in self-assessment through the use of pedagogical resources. Cogent Social Sciences, 10(1), 2334486.
https://doi.org/10.1080/23311886.2024.2334486
Ardiansyah, A. I., Putra, A. K., & Nikitina, N. (2024). Investigating Problem-Based Learning Model’s Impact on Student’s Critical Thinking Skills in Environmental Conservation Context. Jambura Geo Education Journal, 5(2), Article 2.
https://doi.org/10.37905/jgej.v5i2.26110
Arinde, V., & Idowu, L. (2024). Multi-sensor Intrusion Detection System. arXiv.
https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2406.05137
Azrina, N., Usman, A., & Masenah, M. (2024). Penerapan Model Problem Based Learning (PBL) dengan Pendekatan Experiential Learning pada Materi Pencemaran Lingkungan untuk Meningkatkan Hasil Belajar Kognitif Siswa Kelas X-2 di SMAN Mumbulsari. Jurnal Biologi, 1(3), 1–10. https://doi.org/10.47134/biology.v1i3.1975
Barrows, H. S. (1986). A taxonomy of problem-based learning methods. Medical Education, 20(6), 481–486. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2923.1986.tb01386.x
Beghi, M., Braghin, F., & Roveda, L. (2023). Enhancing Disassembly Practices for Electric Vehicle Battery Packs: A Narrative Comprehensive Review. Designs, 7(5), Article 5. https://doi.org/10.3390/designs7050109
Berg, M. V., Paige, R. M., & Lou, K. H. (2023). Student Learning Abroad: What Our Students Are Learning, What They’re Not, and What We Can Do About It. Taylor & Francis. https://doi.org/10.1353/rhe.2013.0039
Bossche, P. V. den, & Baktiran, T. (2021). Experience and Reflection: Donald Schön and David Kolb. Dalam Theories of Workplace Learning in Changing Times (2 ed.). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003187790-7
Devi, M. K. K., & Thendral, M. S. (2023). Using Kolb’s Experiential Learning Theory to Improve Student Learning in Theory Course. Journal of Engineering Education Transformations, 70–81. https://doi.org/10.16920/jeet/2023/v37i1/23133
Elendu, C., Amaechi, D. C., Okatta, A. U., Amaechi, E. C., Elendu, T. C., Ezeh, C. P., & Elendu, I. D. (2024). The impact of simulation-based training in medical education: A review. Medicine, 103(27), e38813. https://doi.org/10.1097/MD.0000000000038813
Fleischer, J., Gerlitz, E., Rieβ, S., Coutandin, S., & Hofmann, J. (2021). Concepts and
Requirements for Flexible Disassembly Systems for Drive Train Components of Electric Vehicles. Procedia CIRP, 98, 577–582. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.procir.2021.01.154
Fraga-Lamas, P., & Fernández-Caramés, T. M. (2019). A Review on Blockchain Technologies for an Advanced and Cyber-Resilient Automotive Industry. IEEE Access, 7, 17578–17598. https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2019.2895302
Fukami, C. V., & Armstrong, S. (2009). The SAGE Handbook of Management Learning,
Education and Development. SAGE Publication. https://www.torrossa.com/en/resources/an/5017664
Gencel, I. E., Erdogan, M., Kolb, A. Y., & Kolb, D. A. (2021). Rubric for Experiential Training. International Journal of Progressive Education, 17(4), 188–211.
https://eric.ed.gov/?id=EJ1308623
Hasan, M., Arisah, N., S, R., Ahmad, M. I. S., & Miranda. (2023). Experiential Learning Model for the Development of Collaborative Skills through Project Based Learning Practicum. JPI (Jurnal Pendidikan Indonesia), 12(2), Article 2. https://doi.org/10.23887/jpiundiksha.v12i2.57376
Jamison, C. S. E., Fuher ,Jacob, Wang ,Annie, & and Huang-Saad, A. (2022). Experiential learning implementation in undergraduate engineering education: A systematic search and review. European Journal of Engineering Education, 47(6), 1356–1379. https://doi.org/10.1080/03043797.2022.2031895
Lestari, I. F. (2021). Experiential learning using STEM approach in improving students’ problem solving ability. Journal of Physics: Conference Series, 1806(1), 012005.
https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1806/1/012005
Li, J., & Pilz, M. (2023). International transfer of vocational education and training: A literature review. Journal of Vocational Education & Training, 75(2), 185–218.
https://doi.org/10.1080/13636820.2020.1847566
López, H. A., Ponce, P., Molina, A., Ramírez-Montoya, M. S., & Lopez-Caudana, E. (2021). Design Framework Based on TEC21 Educational Model and Education 4.0 Implemented in a Capstone Project: A Case Study of an Electric Vehicle Suspension System. Sustainability, 13(11), Article 11. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13115768
Ly, P., Bani, M., Hariana, V., & Meok, P. (2024). Development of E-Modules for Elementary Students. Pegem Journal of Education and Instruction, 14(3), 300–310.
https://eric.ed.gov/?id=EJ1431844
Maksum, H., Purwanto, W., Siman, S., Ampera, D., Yuvenda, D., & Hasan, H. (2024).
Improving Problem-Solving and Communication Skills in Automotive Vocational
Education through the Development of Teaching Factory Model with Problem-Based
Learning (TEFA-PBL) Concept. International Journal of Education in Mathematics, Science and Technology, 12(2), Article 2. https://doi.org/10.46328/ijemst.394
Meng, K., Xu, G., Peng, X., Youcef-Toumi, K., & Li, J. (2022). Intelligent disassembly of electric-vehicle batteries: A forward-looking overview. Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 182, 106207. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2022.106207
Mindarta, E. (2025). Pengembangan Alat Evaluasi Berbasis Roblox Studio Pada Mata Pelajaran Chassis Otomotif Pada Siswa SMKN di Kota Malang. Jurnal Riset Dan Inovasi Pembelajaran, 5(1), 264–280. https://doi.org/10.51574/jrip.v5i1.3046
Mouzakitis, G. S. (2010). The role of vocational education and training curricula in economic development. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 2(2), 3914–3920.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2010.03.616
Muslam, M. M. A. (2024). Enhancing Security in Vehicle-to-Vehicle Communication: A
Comprehensive Review of Protocols and Techniques. Vehicles, 6(1), Article 1.
https://doi.org/10.3390/vehicles6010020
Nagai, N., & Birch, G. C. (2024). The CEFR-Focused Action Research Model (CARM). Dalam G. C. Birch, N. Nagai, M. G. Schmidt, & J. V. Bower (Ed.), Putting the CEFR into Practice Through Action Research: Reflecting on Principles for Foreign Language Teaching (hlm. 19–37). Springer Nature. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-97-7545-3_2
Onyeanakwe, N., Osse, E., Inwe, N., Ariagbofo, B., & Osa, G. O. I. and E. (2024). Design and Implementation of a NODEMCU ESP8266 Controlled Vehicle Intruder Touch Alarm System. Journal of Energy Technology and Environment, 6(4), Article 4.
https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14530162
Passarelli, A. M., & Kolb, D. A. (2012). Using Experiential Learning Theory to Promote Student Learning and Development in Programs of Education Abroad. Dalam Student Learning Abroad. Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003447184-8
Pranajaya, S. A., Idris, J., Abidin, Z., & Mahdi. (2023). Integration of Cognitive, Affective, and Psychomotor Domain Scoring in Islamic Religious Education. Sinergi International Journal of Education, 1(2), Article 2. https://doi.org/10.61194/education.v1i2.106
Rahimi, N., Schuelke-Leech, B.-A., & Mirhassani, M. (2025). A comprehensive review of security vulnerabilities in heavy-duty vehicles: Comparative insights and current research gaps. Computers & Security, 154, 104452. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cose.2025.104452
Ramírez-Montoya, M. S., Castillo-Martínez, I. M., Sanabria-Z, J., & Miranda, J. (2022). Complex Thinking in the Framework of Education 4.0 and Open Innovation—A Systematic Literature Review. Journal of Open Innovation: Technology, Market, and Complexity, 8(1), Article 1. https://doi.org/10.3390/joitmc8010004
Rifdarmon, R.-, Basri, I. Y., & Maksum, H. (2022). PKM Pelatihan Keterampilan Membangun Wirausaha Bengkel Kendaraan Ringan Di Smkn 1 Kec. Guguak Kabupaten Lima Puluh Kota. Suluah Bendang: Jurnal Ilmiah Pengabdian Kepada Masyarakat, 22(3), 614. https://doi.org/10.24036/sb.03350
Rosenkranz, N. (2022). The Best of Both Worlds: Experiential Problem-Based Learning Approaches in Hospitality Education. Journal of Hospitality & Tourism Education, 34(2), 111–123. https://doi.org/10.1080/10963758.2021.1963739
Roy, M., & Roy, A. (2021). The Rise of Interdisciplinarity in Engineering Education in the Era of Industry 4.0: Implications for Management Practice. IEEE Engineering Management Review, 49(3), 56–70. https://doi.org/10.1109/EMR.2021.3095426
Sangwan, K. S., & Singh, R. (2021). An experiential learning-integrated framework to improve problem-solving skills of engineering graduates. Higher Education, Skills and Work-Based Learning, 12(2), 241–255. https://doi.org/10.1108/HESWBL-02-2021-0033
Singha, R., & Singha, S. (2024). Application of Experiential, Inquiry-Based, Problem-Based, and Project-Based Learning in Sustainable Education. Dalam Teaching and Learning for a Sustainable Future: Innovative Strategies and Best Practices (hlm. 109–128). IGI Global Scientific Publishing. https://doi.org/10.4018/978-1-6684-9859-0.ch006
Thandlam, A. K., Vignesh, T., Saravanan, A., Subramani, P., Marimuthu, R., & Gupta, S. (2024). Next-Gen Vehicle Safety: The Futuristic Approach to Auto-Stop in Modern Vehicles. 2024 10th International Conference on Communication and Signal Processing (ICCSP), 265–270. https://doi.org/10.1109/ICCSP60870.2024.10543666
Wagino, W., Maksum, H., Purwanto, W., Krismadinata, K., Suhendar, S., & Koto, R. D. (2023). Exploring the Full Potential of Collaborative Learning and E-Learning Environments in Universities: A Systematic Review. TEM Journal, 1772–1785.
https://doi.org/10.18421/TEM123-60
Wagino, W., Maksum, H., Purwanto, W., Simatupang, W., Lapisa, R., & Indrawan, E. (2024). Enhancing Learning Outcomes and Student Engagement: Integrating E-Learning Innovations into Problem-Based Higher Education. International Journal of Interactive Mobile Technologies (iJIM), 18(10), 106–124. https://doi.org/10.3991/ijim.v18i10.47649
Wagino, W., Nasution, I., Giatman, M., Koto, R. D., Samala, A. D., Criollo-C, S., & Polin, K. C. (2024). Enhancing Academic Achievement and Critical Thinking through e Learning: Exploring Motivation, Creativity, Participation, and Gadget Utilization in Higher Education. International Journal of Information and Education Technology, 14(12), 1679–1687. https://doi.org/10.18178/ijiet.2024.14.12.2198
Wang, W.-S., Lin ,Chia-Ju, Lee ,Hsin-Yu, Huang ,Yueh-Min, & and Wu, T.-T. (2025).
Integrating feedback mechanisms and ChatGPT for VR-based experiential learning: Impacts on reflective thinking and AIoT physical hands-on tasks. Interactive Learning Environments, 33(2), 1770–1787. https://doi.org/10.1080/10494820.2024.2375644